The action of a compact Lie group, G, on a compact symplectic manifold gives rise to some remarkable combinatorial invariants. The simplest and most interesting of these is the moment polytope, a convex polyhedron which sits inside the dual of the Lie algebra of G. One of the main goals of this monograph is to describe what kinds of geometric information are encoded in this polytope. The moment polytope also encodes quantum information about the action of G. Using the methods of geometric quantization, one can frequently convert this action into a representation, p, of G on a Hilbert space, and in some sense the moment polytope is a diagramatic picture of the irreducible representations of G which occur as subrepresentations of p. Precise versions of this item of folklore are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Also, midway through Chapter 2 a more complicated object is discussed: the Duistermaat-Heckman measure, and the author explains in Chapter 4 how one can read off from this measure the approximate multiplicities with which the irreducible representations of G occur in p. The last two chapters of this book are a self-contained and somewhat unorthodox treatment of the theory of toric varieties in which the usual hierarchal relation of complex to symplectic is reversed. This book is addressed to researchers and can be used as a semester text.