This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction, MPC 2010, held in Québec City, Canada in June 2010. The 19 revised full papers presented together with 1 invited talk and the abstracts of 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. The focus is on techniques that combine precision with conciseness, enabling programs to be constructed by formal calculation. Within this theme, the scope of the series is very diverse, including programming methodology, program specification and transformation, program analysis, programming paradigms, programming calculi, programming language semantics, security and program logics.