Access to finance is a critical element in any effort to promote development in emerging market economies. In this innovative analysis of the Latin American financial sector, Barbara Stallings and Rogerio Studart examine recent transformations in the region, compare them to related developments elsewhere, and consider where they might lead. They challenge the new literature on finance and development, which argues for the elimination of public-sector banks, substitution of private monitoring for government regulation and supervision, and more complete integration with international capital markets. Rather, the authors advocate a more balanced approach that emphasizes individual country situation and strengthens the institutional context in which financial systems operate. Stallings and Studart begin by discussing financial liberalization in Latin America since 1990 and asking when liberalization is likely to be followed by a financial crisis. They also examine other changes associated with financial liberalization--ownership of the financial sector, government regulation of banking, and the emergence of capital markets as an alternative source of finance. Throughout these chapters, the authors compare the financial sector in Latin America to that of East Asia, which they argue is the emerging market region most likely to provide relevant lessons. Case studies illustrate changes occurring in Chile, Mexico, and Brazil--the most sophisticated financial systems in Latin America. The authors place particular emphasis on the need to overcome two types of market failure: the lack of long-term finance for investment and access to credit for small firms. They conclude with policy recommendations for strengthening Latin American banks and capital markets so that they can play a greater role in supporting economic development.