This book presents fifteen essays, written over the past dozen years, that explore contemporary philosophical debates on egalitarianism, using the tools of modern economic theory, general equilibrium theory, game theory, and the theory of mechanism design. Egalitarian Perspectives is divided into four parts: the first part presents Roemer's influential reconceptualization of the Marxian theory of exploitation as a theory of distributive justice; the second part offers a critique of Ronald Dworkin's equality-of-resources theory; the third part introduces a novel application of the theory of mechanism design to the study of political philosophy; and the fourth part presents the author's views on market socialism and public ownership, and demonstrates that Professor Roemer is at the forefront of refining new theories and conceptions of market socialism.